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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">C 和 C++ 参考手册</h1>
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<td colspan="3">
<p><a href="cpp.html" title="cpp"><span style="font-size: 2em;">C++ 参考手册</span></a><br>
<span style="font-size: 0.8em;">C++98, C++03, <a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/11&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="cpp/11（页面不存在）">C++11</a>, <a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/14&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="cpp/14（页面不存在）">C++14</a>, <a href="cpp/17.html" title="cpp/17">C++17</a>, <a href="cpp/20.html" title="cpp/20">C++20</a></span>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/compiler_support.html" title="cpp/compiler support"> 编译器支持</a><br>
<a href="cpp/freestanding.html" title="cpp/freestanding"> 自立实现</a>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/language.html" title="cpp/language"> 语言</a></b>
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<p><a href="cpp/language/basic_concepts.html" title="cpp/language/basic concepts"> 基本概念</a><br>
<a href="cpp/keywords.html" title="cpp/keyword"> C++ 关键字</a><br>
<a href="cpp/preprocessor.html" title="cpp/preprocessor"> 预处理器</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions"> 表达式</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> 声明</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/initialization.html" title="cpp/language/initialization"> 初始化</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/functions.html" title="cpp/language/functions"> 函数</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/statements.html" title="cpp/language/statements"> 语句</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes"> 类</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates"> 模板</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/exceptions.html" title="cpp/language/exceptions"> 异常</a><br>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/header.html" title="cpp/header"> 头文件</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/named_req.html" title="cpp/named req">具名要求</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/feature_test.html" title="cpp/feature test">功能特性测试宏</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/utility.html#.E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E6.94.AF.E6.8C.81" title="cpp/utility"> 语言支持库</a></b>
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<p><a href="cpp/types.html" title="cpp/types"> 类型支持</a>  −  <a href="cpp/types.html#.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7.28C.2B.2B11_.E8.B5.B7.29" title="cpp/types"> 特性</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/program.html" title="cpp/utility/program"> 程序工具</a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility.html#.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB.E8.BF.90.E7.AE.97.E7.AC.A6.E4.B8.8E.E6.AF.94.E8.BE.83" title="cpp/utility"> 关系运算符</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/types/numeric_limits.html" title="cpp/types/numeric limits"><tt>numeric_limits</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/types/type_info.html" title="cpp/types/type info"><tt>type_info</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/utility/initializer list"><tt>initializer_list</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
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<td>
<p><b><a href="cpp/concepts.html" title="cpp/concepts"> 概念库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/error.html" title="cpp/error"> 诊断库</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/utility.html#.E9.80.9A.E7.94.A8.E5.B7.A5.E5.85.B7" title="cpp/utility"> 通用工具库</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/memory.html" title="cpp/memory"> 智能指针与分配器</a><br>
<a href="cpp/chrono.html" title="cpp/chrono"> 日期和时间</a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/functional.html" title="cpp/utility/functional"> 函数对象</a>  −  <a href="cpp/utility/hash.html" title="cpp/utility/hash"><tt>hash</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility.html#.E5.88.9D.E7.AD.89.E5.AD.97.E7.AC.A6.E4.B8.B2.E8.BD.AC.E6.8D.A2" title="cpp/utility"> 字符串转换</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility.html#swap_.E3.80.81_forward_.E4.B8.8E_move" title="cpp/utility"> 工具函数</a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/pair.html" title="cpp/utility/pair"><tt>pair</tt></a>  −  
<a href="cpp/utility/tuple.html" title="cpp/utility/tuple"><tt>tuple</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/optional.html" title="cpp/utility/optional"><tt>optional</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span>  −  <a href="cpp/utility/any.html" title="cpp/utility/any"><tt>any</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/variant.html" title="cpp/utility/variant"><tt>variant</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span>  −  <a href="cpp/utility/format.html" title="cpp/utility/format"><tt>format</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/string.html" title="cpp/string"> 字符串库</a></b>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/string/basic_string.html" title="cpp/string/basic string"><tt>basic_string</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/string/basic_string_view.html" title="cpp/string/basic string view"><tt>basic_string_view</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
空终止字符串：<br>
  <a href="cpp/string/byte.html" title="cpp/string/byte"> 字节</a>  −  <a href="cpp/string/multibyte.html" title="cpp/string/multibyte"> 多字节</a>  −  <a href="cpp/string/wide.html" title="cpp/string/wide"> 宽</a>
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<p><b><a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container" title="cpp/container"> 容器库</a></b>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/container/array.html" title="cpp/container/array"><tt>array</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>  −  <a href="cpp/container/vector.html" title="cpp/container/vector"><tt>vector</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/container/map.html" title="cpp/container/map"><tt>map</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/unordered_map.html" title="cpp/container/unordered map"><tt>unordered_map</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/container/priority_queue.html" title="cpp/container/priority queue"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/span.html" title="cpp/container/span"><tt>span</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
其他容器：<br>
  <a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container#.E9.A1.BA.E5.BA.8F.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8" title="cpp/container">顺序</a>  −  <a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container#.E5.85.B3.E8.81.94.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8" title="cpp/container">关联</a><br>
  <a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container#.E6.97.A0.E5.BA.8F.E5.85.B3.E8.81.94.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8" title="cpp/container">无序关联</a>  −  <a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container#.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8.E9.80.82.E9.85.8D.E5.99.A8" title="cpp/container">适配器</a>
</p>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<p><b><a href="cpp/iterator.html" title="cpp/iterator"> 迭代器库</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/ranges.html" title="cpp/ranges"> 范围库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/algorithm.html" title="cpp/algorithm"> 算法库</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/numeric.html" title="cpp/numeric"> 数值库</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/numeric/math.html" title="cpp/numeric/math"> 常用数学函数</a><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/special_functions.html" title="cpp/numeric/special functions"> 数学特殊函数</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric.html#.E6.95.B0.E5.80.BC.E7.AE.97.E6.B3.95" title="cpp/numeric"> 数值算法</a><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/random.html" title="cpp/numeric/random"> 伪随机数生成</a><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/fenv.html" title="cpp/numeric/fenv"> 浮点环境</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/complex.html" title="cpp/numeric/complex"><tt>complex</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/numeric/valarray.html" title="cpp/numeric/valarray"><tt>valarray</tt></a>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/io.html" title="cpp/io"> 输入/输出库</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/io.html#.E5.9F.BA.E4.BA.8E.E6.B5.81.E7.9A.84_I.2FO" title="cpp/io">基于流的 I/O</a><br>
<a href="cpp/io.html#.E5.90.8C.E6.AD.A5.E7.9A.84.E8.BE.93.E5.87.BA" title="cpp/io"> 同步输出</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/io/manip.html" title="cpp/io/manip"> I/O 操纵符</a><br>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/locale.html" title="cpp/locale"> 本地化库</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/regex.html" title="cpp/regex"> 正则表达式库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/regex/basic_regex.html" title="cpp/regex/basic regex"><tt>basic_regex</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/regex.html#.E7.AE.97.E6.B3.95" title="cpp/regex">算法</a>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/atomic.html" title="cpp/atomic"> 原子操作库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/atomic/atomic.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic"><tt>atomic</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/atomic/atomic_flag.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic flag"><tt>atomic_flag</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/atomic/atomic_ref.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic ref"><tt>atomic_ref</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/thread.html" title="cpp/thread"> 线程支持库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/filesystem.html" title="cpp/filesystem"> 文件系统库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr class="row">
<td colspan="3"><b><a href="cpp/experimental.html" title="cpp/experimental"> 技术规范</a></b><br>
<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/lib_extensions.html" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions">标准库扩展</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts t-mark-ts">(库基础 TS)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/experimental/resource_adaptor.html" title="cpp/experimental/resource adaptor"><tt>resource_adaptor</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/invocation_type.html" title="cpp/experimental/invocation type"><tt>invocation_type</tt></a>
</p>
</div>
<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/lib_extensions_2.html" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions 2">标准库扩展 v2</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts-2 t-mark-ts">(库基础 TS v2)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/experimental/propagate_const.html" title="cpp/experimental/propagate const"><tt>propagate_const</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/ostream_joiner.html" title="cpp/experimental/ostream joiner"><tt>ostream_joiner</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/randint.html" title="cpp/experimental/randint"><tt>randint</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/experimental/observer_ptr.html" title="cpp/experimental/observer ptr"><tt>observer_ptr</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/is_detected.html" title="cpp/experimental/is detected">检测手法</a>
</p>
</div>
<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/lib_extensions_3.html" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions 3">标准库扩展 v3</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts-3 t-mark-ts">(库基础 TS v3)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/experimental/scope_exit.html" title="cpp/experimental/scope exit"><tt>scope_exit</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/scope_fail.html" title="cpp/experimental/scope fail"><tt>scope_fail</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/scope_success.html" title="cpp/experimental/scope success"><tt>scope_success</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/unique_resource.html" title="cpp/experimental/unique resource"><tt>unique_resource</tt></a>
</p>
</div>
<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/concurrency.html" title="cpp/experimental/concurrency"> 并发库扩展</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-concurrency-ts t-mark-ts">(并发 TS)</span><br>
  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/constraints.html" title="cpp/experimental/constraints"> 概念</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-concepts-ts t-mark-ts">(概念 TS)</span><br>
  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/ranges.html" title="cpp/experimental/ranges"> 范围</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-ranges-ts t-mark-ts">(范围 TS)</span><br>
  <b><a href="cpp/language/transactional_memory.html" title="cpp/language/transactional memory"> 事务性内存</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-tm-ts t-mark-ts">(TM TS)</span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr class="row rowbottom">
<td colspan="3"> <a href="cpp/links.html" title="cpp/links">外部链接</a>  −  <a href="cpp/links/libs.html" title="cpp/links/libs">非 ANSI/ISO 库</a>  −  <a href="cpp/index.html" title="cpp/index">索引</a>  −  <a href="cpp/symbol_index.html" title="cpp/symbol index">std 符号索引</a>
</td></tr>
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<p><a href="c.html" title="c"><span style="font-size: 2em;">C 参考手册</span></a><br>
<span style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="c/language/history.html" title="c/language/history"> C89, C95, C99, C11, C17</a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr class="row">
<td>
<p><b><a href="c/language.html" title="c/language"> 语言</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="c/language/basic_concepts.html" title="c/language/basic concepts"> 基本概念</a><br>
<a href="c/keyword.html" title="c/keyword"> C 关键字</a><br>
<a href="c/preprocessor.html" title="c/preprocessor"> 预处理器</a><br>
<a href="c/language/expressions.html" title="c/language/expressions"> 表达式</a><br>
<a href="c/language/declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations"> 声明</a><br>
<a href="c/language/initialization.html" title="c/language/initialization"> 初始化</a><br>
<a href="c/language/functions.html" title="c/language/functions"> 函数</a><br>
<a href="c/language/statements.html" title="c/language/statements"> 语句</a><br>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="c/header.html" title="c/header"> 头文件</a></b>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><b><a href="c/types.html" title="c/types"> 类型支持</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="c/program.html" title="c/program"> 程序工具</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="c/variadic.html" title="c/variadic"> 变参数函数</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="c/error.html" title="c/error"> 错误处理</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="c/memory.html" title="c/memory"> 动态内存管理</a></b>
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<p><a href="c/numeric/math.html" title="c/numeric/math"> 常用数学函数</a><br>
<a href="c/numeric/fenv.html" title="c/numeric/fenv"> 浮点环境</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span><br>
<a href="c/numeric/random.html" title="c/numeric/random"> 伪随机数生成</a><br>
<a href="c/numeric/complex.html" title="c/numeric/complex"> 复数算术</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span><br>
<a href="c/numeric/tgmath.html" title="c/numeric/tgmath"> 泛型数学</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span>
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  <b><a href="c/experimental/fpext1.html" title="c/experimental/fpext1"> 浮点扩展，部分 1</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-fpext1-ts t-mark-ts">(FP 扩展1 TS)</span><br>
  <b><a href="c/experimental/fpext4.html" title="c/experimental/fpext4"> 浮点扩展，部分 4</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-fpext4-ts t-mark-ts">(FP 扩展4 TS)</span><br>
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<ul><li> 2018-03-11 ：<a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Archives" title="Cppreference:Archives">离线归档</a>的新版本
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<ul><li> 2017-12-20 ：<a href="https://zh.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Archives" title="Cppreference:Archives">离线归档（中文）</a>的新版本。
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